The world's first written treaty (Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty)

 


The Treaty of Kadesh, the first known international treaty in history, was signed on equal terms. It was made in 1269 between the Hittite king Hattušiliš III and the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II and was written in Akat, the diplomatic language of that period. There are three copies of the treaty written in Akkadian language. One of the copies found in the capital Boğazköy-Büyükkale during the Turkish-German excavations carried out jointly by Hügo Winckler and Teodor Makridy in 1906 is in Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) with inventory number VAT 6207, and two are in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Egyptian translated copies of the treaty are engraved on the walls of the temples of Amon at Karnak and Ramesseum. They ascribe the importance of the treaty to Egypt, slightly different from the original, and emphasize that the peace was signed as a blessing. The Hittite text of the treaty contains information very close to officially accepted conditions. Despite the fact that Ramses II's reign began with a hostile attitude towards the Hittite State, both superpowers are making peace by coming together on the terms of defense and attack, in order to be able to divert their interests and, above all, to resist the secret attacks of the "Sea Peoples". Some parts of the treaty: "It is the agreement between the king of the land of Egypt, the great king, the hero Ramses, with Hattusilis, the king of the land of Hatti, for the continuation of their good friendship, brotherhood and great kingdom". The Egyptian king continues: "I have established good brotherhood and peace between us forever. For the establishment of good brotherhood and good peace in the relations between the land of Egypt and the land of Hatti, I say the following: here, when it comes to the relationship between the land of Egypt and the land of Hatti, God has always been between them. The covenant is eternal, for it does not allow enmity." "If an enemy from the foreign countries attacks the Egyptian king of your brother Ramses and the land of Egypt, and his brother sends a message saying "come to my aid", the king of the land of Hatti, the Great King Hattušiliš will send his infantry, cavalry and kill my enemy"

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