GLORY, HONOUR AND REWARD in OTTOMAN

GLORY, HONOUR AND REWARD

Until the end of the 18th century, tughra functioned as the signature of sultans, the symbol of the Ottoman dynasty and the Ottoman coat of arms. In the nineteenth century, crescent, flag, order and medals were used as symbols of the state coat of arms. The Ottoman Coat of Arms, differed in each sultan's period and during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II reached its most advanced form which reflect the grand state image. Nişan-i İftihar (Order of Pride) and Nişan-1 Mecidi (Order of Glory) were created during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid. Nişan-1 Osmani (Order of the Ottoman), was created upon the order of Sultan Abdülaziz and it was given as an indicator of praise and privilege to people who showed superior success at state service. Şefkat Nişanı (Order of Compassion), was created by Sultan Abdülhamid Il in 1878 and was given to women working for the benefits of the state, homeland and nation in natural disasters such as earthquake, fire and flood and at war times. Nişan-ı Ali-i Imtiyaz (Order of Privilege) was created by Sultan Abdülhamid Il to be given to scientists, directors and soldiers who served for the benefit of the state.
In the classical period, the rank differences in the Ottoman army were differentiated by the style of the garment and the model of the hats. In 1826, Sultan Mahmud Il abolished the Janissaries and established a new army called Asâkir-i Mansüre-i Muhammediyye and the uniforms of the soldiers were rearranged in the form of setre (frock coat) and trousers in accordance with this innovation. In military uniforms during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Il neck orders were used according to each class and rank, and from the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid, epaulets and collars, made of gilded silver thread, took the place of neck orders. In the Ottoman society from the common citizen to the sultan, everyone but mostly prestigious and intel- lectual people used to carry seals with them to use whenever a signature was required under a letter, bill, and similar documents. There were various seals such as personal, official and charity seals.                                                    



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